Navigating the world of car insurance with a learner's permit can feel complex. This guide clarifies whether you can get auto insurance with a permit, detailing the requirements, options, and crucial considerations for new drivers and their families in 2025.
Understanding Driver's Permits in 2025
In 2025, the driver's permit, often referred to as a learner's permit or instruction permit, marks the initial stage of a graduated driver licensing (GDL) system. This system is designed to introduce new drivers to the responsibilities of driving in a structured, supervised environment. A permit allows a young or new driver to operate a vehicle, but only under specific conditions, most notably, with a licensed adult driver of a certain age (typically 21 or older) present in the passenger seat. The exact age and licensing requirements for the supervising driver vary by state. GDL programs aim to reduce the high accident rates associated with inexperienced drivers by gradually increasing their driving privileges and experience. Understanding the specific rules of your state's GDL program is paramount, as these regulations directly impact insurance requirements and driving privileges.
The Purpose of Graduated Driver Licensing (GDL)
The primary goal of GDL programs is to enhance road safety. Statistics from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) consistently show that younger drivers are disproportionately involved in fatal crashes. GDL addresses this by implementing a multi-stage licensing process that includes:
Supervised Practice: The permit phase allows for extensive behind-the-wheel practice under the watchful eye of an experienced driver.
Night and Passenger Restrictions: As drivers progress to intermediate licenses, restrictions on driving during high-risk times (late at night) and with multiple young passengers are common.
Full Licensing: Finally, after meeting all requirements, drivers can obtain an unrestricted license.
These stages are crucial for developing safe driving habits and reducing the likelihood of accidents. Insurance providers recognize the inherent risks associated with new drivers and structure their policies and pricing accordingly.
Key Characteristics of a Driver's Permit
A driver's permit is not a license to drive independently. It signifies that the holder has met the basic knowledge requirements (passing a written test) and is now authorized to begin practical driving experience. Essential characteristics include:
Supervision Requirement: Always requires a licensed adult supervisor in the front passenger seat.
Time Restrictions: Some states may have restrictions on when a permit holder can drive, even with a supervisor.
Vehicle Type Limitations: While less common, some permits might have limitations on the type of vehicle that can be driven.
Geographic Limitations: In some rare cases, permits might have geographic restrictions, though this is uncommon for standard GDL programs.
These limitations are vital to remember, as they directly influence how insurance coverage is applied and what scenarios are covered. For instance, driving without the required supervision would likely void any insurance coverage in the event of an accident.
Can You Get Auto Insurance With a Permit? The Direct Answer
Yes, you can absolutely get auto insurance with a learner's permit. While a permit holder cannot drive unsupervised, they are still considered a driver who will be operating a vehicle. Insurance policies are designed to cover all individuals who drive a vehicle, regardless of their licensing status, provided they are legally permitted to do so under supervision. The key is that the permit holder must be listed on an insurance policy. This is typically achieved by adding them to an existing policy held by a parent or guardian if they are a minor, or by obtaining a policy in their own name if they are an adult. Insurers need to account for the increased risk associated with a new driver, even one who is still learning. Therefore, while possible, it often involves specific procedures and can impact the overall cost of the insurance premium.
The Insurer's Perspective on Permit Holders
From an insurance company's viewpoint, a driver with a permit represents a higher risk profile compared to an experienced, licensed driver. This is based on statistical data indicating that new drivers, particularly teenagers, are more prone to accidents. Insurers assess risk based on various factors, including age, driving experience, accident history, and the type of vehicle. For permit holders, the lack of independent driving experience is a significant factor. They are still developing their skills, judgment, and hazard perception. Therefore, insurance companies will require that these drivers be covered under a policy to mitigate potential financial losses arising from accidents. This coverage is not optional; it's a legal and practical necessity.
Legal Mandates for Insurance
In virtually all U.S. states, liability insurance is legally mandated for any registered vehicle. This means that if a vehicle is driven on public roads, it must have at least the minimum required liability coverage. Since a permit holder will be driving a vehicle, that vehicle must be insured. This insurance requirement applies regardless of whether the driver has a permit, a provisional license, or a full license. Failure to have the required insurance can result in significant penalties, including fines, license suspension, and impoundment of the vehicle. Therefore, securing insurance is not just a good idea; it's a legal obligation for anyone operating a motor vehicle, including those with a learner's permit.
The Role of the Supervising Driver
The presence of a licensed adult supervisor is a critical component of permit driving. While this supervision reduces the immediate risk, it does not eliminate the need for insurance. The supervising driver is responsible for ensuring the permit holder drives safely, but if an accident occurs, the insurance policy on the vehicle is the primary source of financial protection. The policy must cover the actions of the permit holder while they are driving, even with the supervisor present. This underscores why it's essential to ensure the permit holder is officially listed on the policy, rather than assuming they are covered under the supervisor's policy without explicit confirmation.
Insurance Options for Permit Holders
When a driver holds a permit, they generally have two primary avenues for obtaining auto insurance coverage: being added to an existing policy or securing a standalone policy. The best option depends on the permit holder's age, financial independence, and the vehicle they will be driving.
Option 1: Adding a Permit Holder to a Parent/Guardian's Policy
For most young drivers (under 18) who are still dependents, the most common and often most cost-effective option is to add them to their parents' or legal guardians' auto insurance policy. This is standard practice for GDL programs. The insurance company will need to be notified that a new driver with a permit will be operating a vehicle covered under the policy. This usually involves providing the permit holder's name, date of birth, and permit details. The insurer will then assess the risk and adjust the premium accordingly. This option is beneficial because it often leverages existing discounts (e.g., multi-car, multi-policy) and spreads the cost across multiple drivers and vehicles.
Steps to Add a Permit Holder to an Existing Policy:
Contact Your Insurance Agent or Company: Inform them immediately that your child has obtained a learner's permit and will be driving.
Provide Necessary Information: You will likely need to provide the permit holder's full name, date of birth, driver's license number (for the permit), and potentially details about their academic performance if you plan to seek a good student discount.
Discuss Vehicle Usage: Clarify which vehicle(s) the permit holder will be driving and how often. This helps the insurer accurately assess risk.
Review Policy Changes: The insurer will explain how adding the permit holder affects your premium and coverage. You may receive an updated policy declaration page.
Understand Coverage Limits: Ensure the policy's liability limits are adequate to protect your assets in case of a significant accident.
Option 2: Obtaining a Standalone Policy
An adult permit holder (typically 18 or older) who is financially independent or owns their own vehicle may need to obtain a standalone auto insurance policy. This policy would be in the permit holder's name and cover the vehicle they intend to drive. Even if they are still learning and require supervision, they are legally responsible for insuring their vehicle. This option might also be considered by parents who prefer to keep their child's driving record separate from their own for financial or risk management reasons, though it is generally more expensive than being added to a family policy.
Considerations for Standalone Policies:
Eligibility: Insurers may have specific requirements for issuing a standalone policy to a permit holder, especially if they have no prior insurance history.
Cost: Standalone policies for new drivers with permits are often more expensive due to the higher risk factor and lack of potential multi-policy discounts.
Coverage Needs: The permit holder must ensure the policy meets all state minimum requirements and provides adequate protection for their specific needs.
Credit Score: In many states, credit history can influence insurance premiums, and a lack of established credit might affect the rates.
Named Driver vs. Listed Driver
It's important to understand the terminology insurers use. When adding a permit holder to a policy, they will typically be listed as a "named driver." This means they are officially recognized by the insurance company as someone who operates the insured vehicle(s). Some policies might differentiate between "listed drivers" and "household members." It's crucial to ensure the permit holder is accurately listed to avoid coverage issues. Failure to disclose all drivers in the household or those who regularly operate the vehicle can lead to claims being denied.
The Importance of Full Disclosure
Regardless of the option chosen, honesty and full disclosure with the insurance provider are paramount. Failing to inform the insurer about a permit holder driving a vehicle can have severe consequences. If an accident occurs and the insurer discovers the permit holder was not properly listed on the policy, they may deny the claim entirely. This would leave the permit holder and the vehicle owner financially responsible for all damages and injuries. Always err on the side of over-disclosure when dealing with your insurance company.
Key Requirements and Documentation Needed
Securing auto insurance for a driver with a permit involves providing specific documentation and meeting certain criteria set by both the state and the insurance provider. Understanding these requirements upfront can streamline the process and prevent delays.
Essential Documentation for Insurers:
Learner's Permit: A valid learner's permit issued by the state is the primary document. It confirms the individual is legally permitted to drive under supervision.
Proof of Identity: Standard identification documents like a birth certificate, passport, or state-issued ID may be required.
Social Security Number: This is a standard requirement for most insurance applications.
Vehicle Information: If insuring a specific vehicle, details such as the Vehicle Identification Number (VIN), make, model, and year are necessary.
Proof of Ownership (if applicable): If the permit holder owns the vehicle, they will need to provide proof of ownership, such as a title or registration.
Current Insurance Policy Information (if applicable): If adding to an existing policy, you'll need your current policy number and details.
Academic Records (for discounts): To qualify for "good student" discounts, you'll typically need to provide recent report cards or transcripts showing a minimum GPA (e.g., 3.0 or higher).
Driving Record (if applicable): While a permit holder typically has no driving record, if they have any prior driving history (even from another country), it may need to be disclosed.
State-Specific Requirements:
Each state has its own regulations regarding GDL programs and insurance. These can include:
Minimum Liability Coverage: States mandate minimum levels of liability insurance (bodily injury and property damage). Your policy must meet or exceed these minimums. For instance, in 2025, states like California require 15/30/5 ($15,000 bodily injury per person, $30,000 bodily injury per accident, $5,000 property damage). Other states, like New Hampshire, have no mandatory insurance law but require proof of financial responsibility.
Supervision Rules: State laws dictate who can supervise a permit holder (age, license status) and under what conditions they can drive.
Permit Duration: States specify how long a permit is valid and the required time frame before a driver can apply for a provisional license.
It is crucial to consult your state's Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) or equivalent agency for the most accurate and up-to-date information on GDL and insurance laws.
Insurance Company Underwriting Criteria
Insurance companies use underwriting to assess risk and determine eligibility for coverage and pricing. For permit holders, key underwriting factors include:
Age: Younger drivers are statistically higher risk.
Supervision: The presence of a responsible supervising driver is a positive factor.
Vehicle Type: Certain vehicles (e.g., sports cars, high-performance vehicles) may be deemed too risky for new drivers.
Driving Record of Household Members: The claims history and driving records of other drivers on the policy, particularly parents, can influence the premium.
Geographic Location: Rates vary based on factors like traffic density, accident rates, and theft statistics in the area where the vehicle is garaged.
The Application Process
The application process typically involves filling out an insurance application form, either online, over the phone, or in person with an agent. Be prepared to answer detailed questions about the permit holder, the vehicle(s), and driving habits. Honesty is critical; misrepresenting information can lead to policy cancellation or claim denial.
Factors Influencing Insurance Premiums for Permit Holders
The cost of auto insurance for a driver with a permit can be significantly higher than for an experienced driver. This is due to the inherent risks associated with new drivers. Insurers consider a multitude of factors when calculating premiums. Understanding these factors can help permit holders and their families anticipate costs and identify potential areas for savings.
Primary Risk Factors:
Age and Gender: Statistically, younger drivers, particularly males under 25, face the highest premiums due to their higher accident rates. In 2025, insurance companies continue to rely heavily on these demographic data points.
Driving Experience: Lack of driving experience is a major factor. A permit holder has minimal to no independent driving experience, increasing perceived risk.
Accident and Violation History: While a permit holder may not have a formal driving record, any previous incidents or violations (even if minor or occurring before obtaining the permit) could be considered if disclosed or discovered. The driving records of other household members also play a role.
Geographic Location: Premiums vary significantly by ZIP code. Areas with higher rates of accidents, theft, vandalism, or uninsured drivers will have higher insurance costs.
Coverage Choices and Limits:
Coverage Types: The types of coverage selected have a direct impact on cost. Comprehensive and collision coverage, which protect the vehicle itself, are optional but add significantly to the premium. Liability coverage (bodily injury and property damage) is mandatory in most states and is typically less expensive than full coverage.
Coverage Limits: Choosing higher liability limits or deductibles will affect the premium. Higher limits offer more financial protection but cost more. Higher deductibles (the amount paid out-of-pocket before insurance kicks in for comprehensive/collision claims) lower the premium.
Number of Vehicles and Drivers: Adding a permit holder to a policy with multiple vehicles and drivers might spread the cost, but the overall premium will increase due to the added risk.
Vehicle Characteristics:
Vehicle Make, Model, and Year: The type of car driven matters. Luxury vehicles, sports cars, or vehicles with high repair costs are generally more expensive to insure. Older, less powerful vehicles are often cheaper.
Safety Features: Vehicles equipped with advanced safety features like anti-lock brakes, airbags, and electronic stability control might qualify for minor discounts.
Anti-Theft Devices: Installing approved anti-theft systems can sometimes lead to discounts on comprehensive coverage.
Discounts and Affiliations:
Insurance companies offer various discounts that can help offset the cost of insuring a permit holder. These are crucial for managing expenses:
Good Student Discount: Available to high school or college students who maintain a certain GPA (e.g., B average or 3.0 GPA). This acknowledges that academically responsible students may also be more responsible drivers. This discount is a significant incentive for permit holders to focus on their studies.
Driver Education Discount: Completing an approved driver's education course can sometimes lead to a discount, demonstrating a commitment to learning safe driving practices.
Defensive Driving Course Discount: Some insurers offer discounts for completing a voluntary defensive driving course, even after obtaining a license.
Multi-Car Discount: Insuring multiple vehicles on the same policy typically results in a discount.
Multi-Policy Discount: Bundling auto insurance with other policies, such as homeowners or renters insurance, from the same provider often earns a discount.
Low Mileage Discount: If the permit holder will be driving very infrequently, and this can be accurately estimated, a low mileage discount might be applicable.
Telematics/Usage-Based Insurance (UBI): Some insurers offer programs where a device or smartphone app monitors driving habits (speed, braking, mileage, time of day). Safe driving can lead to significant discounts. This is an excellent way for permit holders to prove their safe driving potential.
Impact of Credit Score (where applicable):
In many states, an individual's credit score is used as a factor in determining insurance premiums. A higher credit score generally correlates with lower premiums. For young drivers, this means that building good credit habits early can have a long-term financial benefit, even for insurance costs.
Tips for Saving Money on Auto Insurance with a Permit
Insuring a driver with a learner's permit can be a significant expense for families. However, several strategic approaches can help reduce the overall cost without compromising necessary coverage. Proactive planning and informed decision-making are key to managing these expenses effectively in 2025.
Leverage Discounts Aggressively:
As mentioned previously, discounts are the most direct way to lower premiums. Ensure you are applying for every eligible discount:
Good Student Discount: This is often one of the most substantial discounts available for young drivers. Encourage academic achievement.
Driver Education: If the permit holder enrolls in an approved driver's education program, inquire about potential discounts.
Telematics Programs: Consider usage-based insurance (UBI) programs. These programs reward safe driving habits, which is ideal for new drivers looking to build a positive record. The monitoring can also serve as a constant reminder to drive cautiously.
Low Mileage: If the permit holder will only be driving occasionally, ensure this is reflected in the policy.
Bundling: If you have other insurance policies (home, renters, life) with the same provider, ask about multi-policy discounts.
Choose the Right Vehicle:
If the permit holder will be driving a specific vehicle, or if you are purchasing a vehicle for them, consider the insurance implications:
Insure a Safer, Less Expensive Car: Vehicles with lower repair costs, higher safety ratings, and less performance-oriented features are typically cheaper to insure. Avoid high-performance or luxury models.
Consider Older, Reliable Vehicles: While modern safety features are beneficial, older, well-maintained vehicles can be more economical to insure, especially if comprehensive and collision coverage are less critical due to the vehicle's depreciated value.
Adjust Coverage Wisely:
While ensuring adequate protection is crucial, over-insuring can lead to unnecessary costs:
Evaluate Comprehensive and Collision Coverage: For older vehicles that have significantly depreciated, the cost of comprehensive and collision coverage might outweigh the potential payout in case of a claim. Consider dropping these coverages if the vehicle's value is low. This decision should be made carefully, weighing the cost of repair against the premium savings.
Increase Deductibles: Raising the deductible on comprehensive and collision coverage will lower the premium. Ensure the deductible amount is something you can comfortably afford to pay out-of-pocket in the event of a claim.
Review Liability Limits: While state minimums are legally required, they often provide very limited protection. It's generally advisable to carry higher liability limits than the state minimums to protect your assets. However, ensure the limits are appropriate for your financial situation.
Shop Around and Compare Quotes:
Insurance rates can vary dramatically between companies, even for the same coverage. It is essential to shop around and compare quotes from multiple insurers:
Get Quotes Annually: Don't let your policy renew automatically without comparison shopping. Rates can change, and new discounts may become available.
Use Independent Agents: Independent insurance agents represent multiple insurance companies and can help you find the best rates and coverage options tailored to your needs.
Compare Apples to Apples: When comparing quotes, ensure you are comparing identical coverage types, limits, and deductibles.
Maintain a Clean Driving Record:
Once the permit holder obtains a license, maintaining a clean driving record is paramount. Accidents, speeding tickets, and other moving violations will significantly increase premiums for years to come.
Consider Usage-Based Insurance (UBI) Programs:
As mentioned, UBI programs can be a game-changer for new drivers. They incentivize safe driving by rewarding it with lower premiums. These programs often track:
Mileage: How much you drive.
Speeding: Adherence to speed limits.
Braking Habits: Smooth braking versus harsh stops.
Time of Day: Driving during high-risk periods (late night) may incur higher rates.
By demonstrating responsible driving behavior, permit holders can actively reduce their insurance costs.
Pay Premiums Annually or Semi-Annually:
Many insurance companies offer discounts for paying your premium in full for a six-month or annual term, rather than on a monthly basis. While this requires a larger upfront payment, it can save money on administrative fees.
Legal and State-Specific Variations in Insurance Laws
The landscape of auto insurance, particularly for new drivers with permits, is heavily influenced by state laws. Each state has its own unique set of regulations governing driver licensing, insurance requirements, and GDL programs. Understanding these variations is crucial to ensure compliance and secure appropriate coverage.
Mandatory Insurance Laws:
All states except New Hampshire require drivers to carry a minimum level of liability insurance. However, the specific coverage amounts (often referred to as "35/100/25" for $35,000 bodily injury per person, $100,000 bodily injury per accident, and $25,000 property damage) vary significantly.
Low Minimums: States with very low minimum liability limits (e.g., 10/20/10) may not offer adequate protection. If an accident exceeds these limits, the driver and owner are personally liable for the difference.
No-Fault Insurance: Some states operate under a "no-fault" system. In these states, your own insurance policy pays for your medical expenses and lost wages up to a certain limit, regardless of who caused the accident. This can affect how claims are handled and the types of coverage you need. Examples include Florida, Michigan, and New York.
Graduated Driver Licensing (GDL) Laws:
GDL programs are designed to phase in driving privileges for young drivers. Permit holders are at the first stage. State GDL laws dictate:
Permit Holding Period: The minimum duration a driver must hold a permit before being eligible for a provisional license.
Supervision Requirements: The age and licensing status of the supervising driver, and whether they must occupy a specific seat.
Curfew Restrictions: Limits on driving hours, especially during the initial licensing stages.
Passenger Restrictions: Limits on the number and age of non-family passengers a new driver can transport.
These GDL rules directly impact how insurance is structured, as insurers must ensure policies align with legal driving privileges. For instance, if a permit holder violates their GDL restrictions (e.g., driving unsupervised), their insurance coverage may be invalidated.
Insurance Company Regulations:
State insurance departments oversee insurance companies operating within their borders. This includes:
Rate Approval: In many states, insurance companies must file their proposed rates and rating factors with the state for approval. This is intended to prevent excessive or unfairly discriminatory pricing.
Consumer Protection: State regulators enforce rules designed to protect consumers, such as those related to claims handling, policy cancellations, and non-renewals.
Mandatory Coverage for Permit Holders: While not explicitly mandated by every state in the same way as minimum liability, state laws implicitly require that any vehicle driven on public roads be insured. Since a permit holder drives a vehicle, it must be insured according to state law.
Specific State Examples (Illustrative for 2025):
California: Has a robust GDL program. Insurance is mandatory, with minimum liability of 15/30/5. Good student discounts are common.
Texas: Requires a permit for at least six months and 30 hours of supervised driving. Minimum liability is 30/60/25.
New York: Has a strict GDL program with passenger and nighttime restrictions. Minimum liability is 25/50/10.
Florida: Operates under a no-fault system with mandatory Personal Injury Protection (PIP) and Property Damage Liability (PDL). Minimum liability is 10/20/10, with PIP coverage required.
Note: Insurance laws and GDL regulations are subject to change. It is imperative to consult the official website of your state's Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) or Department of Insurance for the most current and accurate information.
The Role of Insurance Agents:
Navigating these state-specific complexities can be challenging. Licensed insurance agents are invaluable resources. They are knowledgeable about:
State Laws: They understand the specific insurance requirements and GDL regulations in your state.
Company Offerings: They can compare policies from various insurers to find the best fit for your needs and budget.
Discount Opportunities: They can identify all available discounts you may be eligible for.
Working with an agent ensures that you are compliant with all legal requirements and are getting the most competitive rates available.
Preparing for Licensure: What Comes Next?
The learner's permit phase is a crucial stepping stone towards full driving independence. Successfully navigating this period, including managing insurance, sets the foundation for responsible driving and future licensure. As a permit holder progresses towards obtaining their provisional or full driver's license, several important considerations come into play, particularly regarding their insurance status.
Transitioning from Permit to Provisional License:
Once the permit holder has met the required supervised driving hours and passed any necessary tests (e.g., road test), they will typically be eligible for a provisional license. This license grants more driving privileges but often still comes with restrictions, such as limitations on nighttime driving or the number of young passengers.
Insurance Implications:
Notification is Key: You must inform your insurance provider about the change in licensing status. The permit holder is now a provisionally licensed driver.
Premium Adjustments: The premium may change again. While a provisional license still represents a higher risk than a full license, the removal of some GDL restrictions might lead to slight adjustments. Insurers will re-evaluate the risk based on the new license status and any associated restrictions.
Continued Discounts: Discounts like "good student" may still apply to provisionally licensed drivers.
Moving Towards an Unrestricted License:
After a period of safe driving with a provisional license, the driver typically becomes eligible for an unrestricted driver's license. This is the final stage of most GDL programs.
Insurance Implications:
Further Premium Adjustments: As the driver gains more experience and moves to an unrestricted license, insurance premiums are likely to decrease, especially as they approach age 25. The risk profile diminishes significantly with age and a proven history of safe driving.
Reviewing Coverage: With full licensure, it's an opportune time to review your insurance coverage. You might consider adjusting coverage levels or deductibles based on the driver's increased experience and your financial comfort level.
Potential for Independent Insurance: An adult driver with a full license may now be in a better position to secure their own auto insurance policy, separate from their parents, if they desire and are financially capable.
Building a Positive Driving Record:
The most critical aspect of preparing for licensure is cultivating a strong, safe driving record. This involves:
Adhering to all Traffic Laws: Speed limits, traffic signals, and safe following distances are non-negotiable.
Avoiding Distractions: Put away cell phones and avoid other distractions while driving.
Practicing Defensive Driving: Anticipate potential hazards and drive defensively.
Responsible Night and Passenger Driving: Even with restrictions, practice caution during these higher-risk driving scenarios.
A clean record built during the permit and provisional license stages will pay dividends in lower insurance premiums for years to come.
The Long-Term Insurance Strategy:
Insurance is an ongoing commitment. For drivers who started with a permit:
Annual Reviews: Make it a habit to review your auto insurance policy annually. Compare quotes, check for new discounts, and ensure your coverage still meets your needs.
Update Information: Always inform your insurer of any significant changes, such as a change of address, a new vehicle, or a change in driver status (e.g., moving out of state for college).
Financial Responsibility: As drivers become more independent, they should understand their role in contributing to insurance costs, whether through direct payments or by maintaining good habits that keep premiums low for the household.
The journey from a learner's permit to a fully licensed driver is a significant one. By understanding the insurance requirements, actively seeking savings, and prioritizing safe driving, permit holders and their families can navigate this transition successfully and affordably.
In conclusion, obtaining auto insurance with a learner's permit is not only possible but a mandatory step for legal and safe driving in 2025. Whether adding the permit holder to a family policy or securing a standalone plan, insurers require this coverage to mitigate the inherent risks associated with new drivers. By diligently exploring all available discounts, choosing vehicles wisely, comparing quotes from multiple providers, and most importantly, fostering a culture of safe driving, families can effectively manage the associated costs. Proactive communication with your insurance provider and adherence to state regulations are paramount throughout this process. This comprehensive approach ensures that permit holders are legally covered, financially protected, and well on their way to becoming responsible, licensed drivers.